Science: Microbial_infection- Elementary knowledge of vaccines

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1.1 Vaccines may be constructed in several ways:

1.2 TABLE :. EXAMPLES OF VACCINES BY TYPE

Elementary knowledge of vaccines:

The word “vaccine” originates from the Latin Variolae vaccinae (cowpox), which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans. Today the term ‘vaccine’ applies to all biological preparations, produced from living organisms, that enhance immunity against disease and either prevent (prophylactic vaccines) or, in some cases, treat disease (therapeutic vaccines). Vaccines are administered in liquid form, either by injection, by oral, or by intranasal routes. Vaccines are composed of either the entire disease-causing microorganism or some of its components.

Vaccines may be constructed in several ways:

From living organisms that have been weakened, usually from cultivation under sub-optimal conditions (also called attenuation), or from genetic modification, which has the effect of reducing their ability to cause disease;
From whole organisms that have been inactivated by chemical, thermal or other means;
From components of the disease-causing organism, such as specific proteins and polysaccharides, or nucleic acids;
From inactivated toxins of toxin-producing bacteria;
From the linkage (conjugation) of polysaccharides to proteins (this increases the effectiveness of polysaccharide vaccines in young children).

Type of vaccines	Examples
Live-attenuated	Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella zoster
Inactivated	Hepatitis A, Influenza, Pneumococcal polysaccharide
Recombinant sub-unit	Hepatitis B
Toxoid	Tetanus, Diphtheria
Conjugate polysaccharide-protein	Pneumococcal, meningococcal, Haemophlius influenzea type b (Hib)

TABLE :. EXAMPLES OF VACCINES BY TYPE

Vaccine-preventable disease	Type of disease		Type of vaccine	Year vaccine developed		Most common severe disease outcomes
Smallpox	viral		live attenuated	1798		disfiguring, sometimes fatal
Rabies	viral		Inactivated, inactivated (cell culture)	1885		always fatal
Typhoid	bacterial		inactivated intestinal live attenuated polysaccharide protein conjugate	1886 1983 1994 2008		intestinal haemorrhage and perforations, encephalitis, psychosis, abscesses of internal organs, sometimes fatal
Cholera	bacterial		inactivated (injectable) inactivated and recombinant protein (oral) inactivated (oral)	1896 1991 1997		life- threatening dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, sometimes fatal
Plague	bacterial		inactivated	1897		seizures, coma, internal bleeding, fatal within four days if not threate.
Diphtheria		bacterial	Toxoid		1923		choking, heart and kidney failure, facial or swallowing or respiratory paralysis, sometimes fata
Tetanus		bacterial	Toxoid		1926		severe muscle spasms and bone fractures, lockjaw, respiratory distress, sometimes fatal
Pertussis		bacterial	inactivated purified protein*		1914 1981		choking in young infants, rib fractures, hernias, incontinence, ruptured blood vessels, sometimes fatal
Tuberculosis		bacterial	live attenuated		1921		coughing blood, abscesses of internal organs or bone, meningitis, sometimes fatal
Yellow fever		viral	live attenuated		1932		liver damage, internal bleeding, sometimes fatal
Influenza		viral	inactivated live attenuated		1936 2003		life-threatening pneumonia, worsening of coronary heart disease, extreme muscular fatigue or aches, high fever, sometimes fatal
Polio		viral	inactivated live attenuated		2003 1955		respiratory paralysis, life-long paralysis of limb(s), skeletal deformity, sometimes fatal
Pneumococcal		bacterial	23-valent polysaccharide; protein conjugate		1983 2000		pneumonia, meningitis, ear infections, infections of bone and heart muscle, protein conjugate sometimes fatal

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Hemant Bhatt is a B. Tech from Pantnagar University and has studied Social Sciences at SciencesPo, Paris. He teaches at Oracle IAS, Dehradun. He has given 5 UPSC mains back to back along with 2 interviews.
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UKPCS Science Life Sciences-Microbial_infection- Elementary knowledge of vaccines: #44

Elementary knowledge of vaccines:

Vaccines may be constructed in several ways:

TABLE :. EXAMPLES OF VACCINES BY TYPE

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