biology

Immunology  Everyday we are exposed to large number of infectious agents. However, only a few of these exposures result in disease Immunology  is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. The fact that the body is able to defend itself from most of these foreign agents. This overall ability of the host to fight […]

Elementary knowledge of vaccines: The word “vaccine” originates from the Latin Variolae vaccinae (cowpox), which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans. Today the term ‘vaccine’ applies to all biological preparations, produced from living organisms, that enhance immunity against disease and either prevent (prophylactic vaccines) or, in some cases, treat disease (therapeutic

Zoonotic Diseases Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans A zoonosis (zoonotic disease or zoonoses -plural) is an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans (or from humans to animals). Zoonotic diseases are caused by harmful germs like viruses, bacterial, parasites, and fungi. These germs can cause many different types of illnesses in people and animals ranging from

Bacterial diseases Bacteria are the causes of human and animal disease . However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin ; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang

Tissue Culture Tissue culture refers to a method in which fragments of a tissue (plant or animal tissue) are introduced into a new, artificial environment, where they continue to function or grow. While fragments of a tissue are often used, it is important to note that entire organs are also used for tissue culture purposes.

Use of Biotechnology for Cleaning Up Our Environment Landfill Technologies Solid wastes account for an increasing proportion of the waste generated by urban societies. While a part of this volume consists of glass, plastics, and other non-biodegradable material, a considerable proportion of this is made of decomposable solid organic material, like food wastes from large

Genetically modified crops:- Plants,bacteria,fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called genetically modified crops. GM plants have been useful in many ways genetically modified has: Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses(cold, drought,salt,heat) Reduces reliences on chemical paticles(pre resistance crops) Helped to reduce post harvest losses. Increased efficiency of mineral usage

What is nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Nano-science and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering. Applications in agriculture:- The

Genetic engineering Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s characteristics (phenotype) in a particular way. What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering, sometimes called genetic modification, is the process of altering the DNA  in an organism’s GENOME. This may mean changing one base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a whole region of DNA, or